Hybrid algorithms have focused on swarm intelligence, a recently recognized branch of artificial intelligence that studies complex self-regulating and decentralized systems’ collective behaviours. In 1989, the term swarm intelligence emerged as a set of algorithms by the two researchers Jingwing and Geradobeni and was used to control robot swarms . In addition to the IWO optimization algorithm to BA algorithm, a detailed solution can be found for optimization problems. Plant root structures are notoriously difficult to study. Root system architecture is defined as the spatial organization of roots and is crucial for normal root functioning. The RSA of a plant is affected by external factors such as water availability or nutrient stress. Roots have an innate ability to respond and adapt to external environmental factors, determining the plant’s RSA and giving insight into the soil environment . Phenotyping allelopathic root structures may provide insight into the plant’s ability to thrive and adapt to environmental stresses .

Allelopathic interactions involve plants detecting neighbors and adjusting the production and excretion of chemicals as a defensive reaction. Detection of competitor plants is presumed to be due to triggering compounds being released into the soil For instance, barnyardgrass releases allelochemicals into the rhizosphere, inducing increased production of allelochemicals in rice . Even when plants are segregated belowground and have no physical root contact, the detection of chemicals still occurs.Still,cannabis grow equipment the mechanisms and genetic origins of allelopathic signaling and reactions need more attention The genetic factors contributing to allelopathic root activity are still in the early stages of exploration; therefore, phenotyping provides information required for breeders to select traits associated with the high allelopathic activity . Combined manual measurements, imaging, and computer programs to measure small root parts contribute to retrieving this hidden information. Allelopathic rice lines exhibit shallow soil depth for the majority of their root mass .

Soil depth preference may be one characteristic of root structure architecture contributing to weed suppression . Information on root characteristics associated with wild rice types and the plant’s vigorousness is limited. It has recently been noted that there are characteristic differences between wild rice and cultivated rice. Weedy rice root systems express deeper, thinner, straighter, and less spread out roots than cultivated rice, which are more abundant . Research efforts to study root structures and how individual aspects relate to plant prosperity are slow, especially in allelopathic phenotypes, because root systems are difficult to observe without damaging the growing plant . Methods for studying root structure architecture are limited. Many methods are destructive to the roots system making data difficult to obtain accurately . Even the most minor root parts play a significant role in the plant’s productivity. In some cases, the root hairs make up nearly 77% of the root area, comprising most rhizosphere coverage, where the bulk of the plants’ nutrients is condensed.In addition to viewing difficulties, root architecture is manipulated by the environment and growing conditions. Root architecture data collected from growing plants in controlled environments is not always relatable to field conditions . Roots growing in an artificial medium should be trialed in a field setting similar to testing for allelopathy to compare results in different conditions.

Understanding the complexities of root architecture requires a combination of laboratory, field, and greenhouse methodologies . Laboratory phenotyping methods require propagating the sample plant in non-soil media like gels or on paper and supplied with nutrient washes. After growth, root formation features and characteristics are determined by manual measurements or with 2-dimensional imaging Soil extractions, imaging systems, or combinations of the two are standard field-root phenotyping techniques. The trench profile method, core break method, and shovelomics require soil cores to be cut and the soil removed from the roots to be measured . Soil core samples support root distribution approximation measures . The X-Ray Computed Tomography  images roots established in soil and is a non-destructive means of obtaining 3D root system images . Researchers at the University of California Davis performed X-Ray CT and noted that the method was not well-developed . Other reviews have highlighted the lack of standard procedures to separate soil and roots in the modeling process .