The antibacterial activity is moderate for Senna alata extract on Escherichia coli. These data are consistent with many previous results of the literature on the assessment of antibacterial activities of these herbal cosmeceutical plants. Omokhua et al. reported the antibacterial activity of Chromolaena odorata on some bacterial strains and showed that extracts from this plant inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, S. aureus and E. coli . Fernandez et al. showed that Tetradenia riparia was more active on the Gram positive bacteria strains . Cassia alata also showed potential antibacterial effect . Although certain crude extracts from studied botanicals have been shown to be inactive, fractionation studies are needed to determine the active fractions. Phytochemicals like phenolic compounds, terpenoids present in studied extracts, can act by interacting with the cell membrane or cell wall of microorganisms, leading to changing of the membrane permeability and therefore cell destruction or enter bacterial cells and promote the coagulation of their contents.
Therefore, phytochemicals can be used as natural antimicrobial in cosmeceutical plant extracts. Tannins are effectively known to possess interacting antimicrobial activities specifically for skin infectious diseases and diarrhea . Repetitive elements are present in large quantities in eukaryotic genome, both in coding and non-coding region. Among them the tandemly repeated DNA sequences of 1 – 6 bp are referred to as simple sequence repeats , sequence tagged sites or microsatellites and resulted very useful for genetic marker development and genome application.Simple sequence repeats are codominant, abundant, multi-allelic, and uniformly distributed over the genome, and can be detected by simple reproducible assays . Traditionally, SSRs have been isolated from partially digested genomic DNA libraries and several thousands of clones were screened through colony/plaque hybridization using repetitive DNA probes. Later on several other methods have been used in order to decrease the time and cost invested and simultaneously increasing the yield of microsatellites. Today the increasing whole-genome sequences of many plant species provide sources for SSR mining in silico. Therefore,mobile grow system the low cost of in silico mining and high abundance of microsatellites in different sequence resources make this approach extremely attractive for the generation of microsatellite markers.
Recently, a whole-genome shotgun sequencing of the nuclear genome and transcriptome of hemp has been reported by van Bekel et al. . This project provides the assembled draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa strain Purple Kush . The contig assembly contains 534.0 Mb without gaps and 786.6 Mb including gaps representing an estimated 65% and 96% genome coverage of the haploid hemp genome ~820 Mb . A total of 136,290 scaffolds were obtained from the whole-genome shotgun assembly and 40,224 from the transcriptome. Availability of hemp genome led to the possibility of in silico analysis of the genome for the identification of microsatellite which could be useful for cultivar identification, mapping and genetic diversity evaluation. Therefore, in the present study, we analysed the hemp genome and transcriptome sequences using several publicly available software programs with the objectives: a) to retrieve and characterize microsatellite loci from the genome and transcriptome, b) to develop and characterize a collection of SSR-markers for hemp in terms of frequency, information content, genomic distribution, and c) to assess their potential for diversity analysis in a reference set of hemp cultivars of different origin. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer death in males. Most early tumours are androgen-dependent, thus depriving the tumour of androgens via surgical or medical castration has proven to have significant effects at the initial stages of prostate cancer.
Despite the early efficacy of androgen ablation, advanced prostate cancer is resilient to such treatments and eventually relapses into a hormone refractory disease, with devastating results on morbidity and mortality rates.The most effective treatment regime for patients with HRPC, docetaxel-based chemotherapy, can only improve the median survival time by 3 months . Therefore, effective treatment strategies against metastatic HRPC are urgently needed. The current therapies are not only successful in targeting differentiated tumor cells but also sparing the putative cancer stem/progenitor cells . Similar to normal stem cells, cancer stem cells are thought to be quiescent compared with mature cancer cells . This property makes CSCs resistant to chemotherapeutic drugs, which mainly target actively replicating cells. In addition, two recent studies demonstrated that prostate CSCs are androgen independent and may not respond to hormone ablation as mature tumor cells do.